Marketing Case Study of “Pamela Shampoo” Essay

What alternatives Mr. Alfred Jones have for improving his social position? Was manufacturing a shampoo a right decision? Alfred who engaged in buying and selling of land- a real estate business and brokering deals were known as dalal. When Alfred grew up, he joined his father’s company as a Director in 1980.His father was the Managing Director and Chairperson of the company. Alfred was very successful, growing the business and becoming rich in the process. Despite his financial success, Alfred was concerned about the social status. In 1985, his father retired although he remained the Chairperson. Alfred become Managing Director but did not like his family business anymore because of its low social profile. Mr. Haque-who was the proprietor of small market research firm. During the discussion regarding his family business, Mr. Haque encouraged Alfred to launch a new venture company. Mr. Haque convinced him that starting a new business would help him get rid of the associations with the humiliating term dalal. Production decisions involve the processes by which raw materials are converted into the finished products through manufacturing. These decisions play a very important role in the product quality, cash flow, control etc. The new venture had problems right from the beginning. It failed to reach sales target because Alfred did not do any market research before manufacturing and launching Pamela Shampoo. Despite huge investments, over a period of couple of years, Alfred had become a bankrupt. Manufacturing a shampoo was not a right decision without market research properly. Given that Mr. Jones had financial resource, what process should he follow for developing a business plan and its implementation? Financial resource is using the profits and accumulated savings from his real estate company, he brought a huge area of land for establishing a factory for manufacturing Shampoo. Every business plan, campaign, or project comes down to Tactics, Tools, and Strategies. To conceive, develop, and implement a sound social media marketing strategic plan that will be successful needs  to have those three critical components. The new company was named his wife Pamela and the brand name of the product is Pamela Shampoo. Alfred took some of better employees from J&J and employed them his new venture. He hired new employees and paid them attractive salaries. Alfred allocated substantial amount of money to advertise the new brand of Shampoo. Strategic planning implementation is at the heart of how to make change of any kind happen in your organization. Why the organization might want to embark on a strategic planning process and implementation. Want to be one of the organizations, in which employees understand the mission and goals. ACNielsen retail audit data show FMCG market growing at around 7% (sales 5,097 Crore in 2004 and 5,444 Crore in 2005).Moreover, the shampoo market is growing at a phenomenal rate of 22% a trained that started in early 2000. (Sales 79 Crore in 2004 and 97 Crore in 2005).It failed to reach sales targets and his every venture had slid downhill. Multinational market research Company held clients’ conference and Alfred was invited as a participant from the business community. Alfred talked to them about his Pamela Shampoo venture. The researchers wanted to know whether he had done any market research before manufacturing and lunching Pamela Shampoo. A key to Strategic Planning Implementation Success is to effective strategic planning implementation for the business. Full and active executive support, Effective communication, Employee involvement, Thorough organizational planning and competitive analysis, Widespread perceived need for the strategic planning. 13.3 What are the consumer behaviour issues regarding the purchase of FMCG product like shampoo? What role does brand name, brand image, and  advertising play? What steps must be followed for developing these marketing tactics? Did Pamela Shampoo follow them? FMCG market growing at around 7% .Moreover, the shampoo market is growing at a phenomenal rate of 22%, a trend that started in early 2000.Therefore; Alfred was rightly tempted towards entering the Shampoo market. Consumer decision making varies with the type of buying decision. There are four types of buying behavior that consumer purchase of FMCG products. There are complex buying behavior, dissonance-reducing buyer behavior, habitual buying behavior & varietyseeking behavior. The new company was named after his beloved wife Pamela. As a symbol of his love, the brand name of the product is Pamela Shampoo. Alfred allocated a substantial amount of money to advertise the new brand of Shampoo. A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors. So, brand name & brand image is the identity of the product to differentiate them from others. Advertising play the role of introduce the product to others. Market research steps must be followed for developing marketing strategy. For developing marketing tactics we need to take four strategies. That are individual names, blanket family names, separate family names for all products, and company trade name combined with individual product names. Pamela shampoo did not follow them. So, he did not make his business profitable like P&G and Unilever. Consumer purchase shampoo by variety-seeking buying behavior because that buying situation are characterize by low involvement but significant brand differences. Here consumers often do a lot of brand switching. The consumer has some beliefs about shampoo, chooses a brand of shampoo without much evaluation, and evaluates the product during consumption. Next time, the consumer may reach for another brand out of a wish for a different test. Brand switching occurs for the sake of variety rather than dissatisfaction. What can be done to salvage the business? What are the choices and how can Mr. Jones make the decision? First of all Mr. Jones must understand and choose the correct marketing strategy. Good marketing strategy can result in success even for mediocre products. Since the product ‘Pamela Shampoo’ belongs in the FMCG segment and the growth of the homogeneous product (shampoo) was about 22%; Mr. Jones must take into account the following important issues address accordingly: a. Market Segmentation: Pamela Shampoo requires to revisit its segmentation strategy and then must decide whether the company will choose mass marketing, segmented, niche or micro marketing. For this particular purpose Mr. Jones can involve the market research companies. b. Based on the segmentation strategy, the company must then choose the target market. c. The company should revisit its pricing strategies and should calculate the Break Even units of sales and carefully select the type of pricing that will be helpful in struggling times. d. The company must realize that the product is positioned against its global brands such as Pantene, Head & Shoulder, Clear etc. and few local brands as well. So the competition is very high. e. The company must go for line filling strategy and must increase depth in its product systems. It can have baby shampoo, herbal shampoo, anti-dandruff and other varieties by keeping an efficient product mix. f. It may think of co-branding strategies with possible companies who may be involved with production and distribution/market hair oil.  g. Must rearrange the sales force. Rather than having its own sales force and incurring major fixed cost, it can rely on its distributors as distribution channels. h. Must have Proper packaging and labels for the products that convey the descriptive and persuasive information to consumers. The labels that the containers will use must be attractive and eye-catching.

Marketing Packaging and Labeling Essay

Packaging and Labeling What you’ll learn . . . †¢ The principal functions of product packaging †¢ The main functions of labels Packaging †¢ The physical container or wrapping for a product. Functions of Packaging †¢ Promoting and Selling the Product Functions of Packaging †¢ Defining Product Identity – invokes prestige, convenience, or status Functions of Packaging †¢ Provides Information – UPC symbols, contents, guarantees, nutritional value, potential hazards Functions of Packaging †¢ Meeting Customer Needs – various sizes, snack kits, etc. Functions of Packaging †¢ Ensuring Safe Use – plastic instead of glass, tamperresistant packaging, blisterpacks, childproof containers To read about the Tylenol murders in 1982, and the resulting invention of the tamperproof package, click on the Tylenol box above. Functions of Packaging †¢ Protecting the Product – during shipping, storage, and display. Protects food from spoilage. Helps prevent shoplifting Contemporary Packaging Issues †¢ Aseptic Packaging – Incorporates a technology that keeps foods fresh without refrigeration for extended periods Contemporary Packaging Issues †¢ Environmental Packaging – reusable, recyclable, less wasteful, and safer for the environment Contemporary Packaging Issues †¢ Cause Packaging – to promote non-product issues such as social and political causes Ex: Body Shop, Ben & Jerry’s Click on the ice cream carton to learn about cause packaging at Ben and Jerry’s Labeling †¢ A label is an information tag, wrapper, seal, or imprinted message attached to a product A labels main function is to inform about contents and give directions Brand Label – gives the brand name, etc. Descriptive Label †¢ Information about product use, care, other features Grade Label †¢ States the quality – AA, A, B Labeling Laws †¢ Many package labels must meet local, state, and federal standards †¢ FDA – Federal Food and Drug Administration – requires nutritional info, regulates health claims and defines descriptive terms such as â€Å"light,† â€Å"free,† â€Å"low,† and â€Å"reduced† to make them consistent on all products †¢ FTC – Federal Trade Commission – monitors for deceptive advertising that is false or misleading, including guidelines for environmental claims like â€Å"recycled† or â€Å"biodegradable.†

Empowerment is an unrealistic concept. Discuss Essay

Empowerment is an unrealistic concept. Discuss - Essay Example The following paper critically discusses the disadvantages and advantages of empowerment by applying appropriate theories and practices of organisational motivation. Empowerment has grown popular amongst various management teams across the world (Robbins et al., 2011, p. 573). This widespread acknowledgement of its positive impacts on organisational output led to the development of a new management style. However, it is worth noting that empowerment is more than delegation as others see empowerment as an opportunity to reduce their workload. Employee empowerment is a common and often effective management strategy (On Safe Lines Consultancy, n.d., p. 6). Employee management gives employees a sense of autonomy and responsibility for decisions they make. Independence and responsibility should increase organizational responsiveness to issues as well as increase productivity. Employee empowerment also creates greater commitment towards the company’s goals since employees can take responsibility and make decisions on behalf of management. However, various factors an organisation can consider during empowerment include coordination throughout the organisation (On Safe Lines Consultancy, n.d., p. 4). Coordination largely calls for decentralized decisions and removal of approval from top management. The relationship between the employee and manager may become tenser as the boundaries of authority can be blurred at times. Trust is essential for empowerment to occur in an organisation (On Safe Lines Consultancy, n.d., p. 2). Management must develop a positive and productive environment that encourages employees to use their common sense and individual judgements. As a result, management strengthens the bond between managers and employees and makes the organisation more productive (Robbins et al., 2011, p. 573). In the process, a strengthened manager-employee bond results in an increase in earnings growth due to employee input. It is

U.S committee system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U.S committee system - Essay Example tives; identify problems and propose solutions to them; select, determine the text of, and report out measures for full chambers to consider; monitor executive branch performance of duties; and look into the allegations of wrongdoing† (Schnieder 1). The decentralized structure of the congressional committee system started in adherence to the 1946 Legislative Reorganization Act though the use of committees is presence since the congress conducted its first meeting (Schnieder 1). The determination of the number of committee members as well as the ratio of majority to minority is often carried out by party leaders. Each party is also responsible in choosing the leader of each committee (Schnieder 2). The committees are classified largely according to their functions and activities they perform. These are the standing committees, select committees, and joint committees. Standing committees are permanent panels which are created according to chamber rules which also list the jurisdiction of each. Due to their possession of legislative jurisdiction, these committees â€Å"consider bills and issues and recommend measures for consideration† (Schnieder 3). Standing committees perform the general duties of the congress such as monitoring issues and activities as well as consider the government’s revenues, tax systems, budget, pension, industry subsidies, and other direct expenses. The activities of select committees are dictated by the parent chamber. These special committees are often established because the standing committee requires a more thorough comprehension of an issue(Schnieder 3). Thus, select committees often function to investigate on certain issues of interest and to consider possible measures. Because of the nature of their jobs, most select committees are often temporary and are dissolved when their tasks are accomplished. Joint committees are comprised of members from the senate and house which are â€Å"permanent panels which conduct studies or perform

Critically examine the effect of organisational structure and Essay

Critically examine the effect of organisational structure and operating techniques on the competitiveness of an organisation - Essay Example that an organization can either be formally aligned in its ways and means of doing things and different processes or the same might just be in a way informal in quite a few of its activities and tasks. The manner in which it runs across this paradigm is something that needs to be studied in depth before we reach further consensus on their purposes and the kind of achievements that they have had. As we talk about an organization, we see that within it the communication can flow in one of three ways or in all the three directions. This means that these three directions pave the way for the ease of communication and there are as such no barriers to arise from the whole equation. The first communication flow is from top to bottom, which means that the communication starts from the top management and goes down towards the middle and lower management. It ensures that the instructions are easily made comprehensible for all and sundry who are within the middle and lower cadres and there are as such no discrepancies arising from this form of communication flow. The second form could be the one that starts from the lower or middle management and goes up towards the top management. A common example of this kind of communication flow is in the type of protests and rallies that arise at the lower level and the lower management wants to make sure that their voice gets heard courtesy the top cadre of the organization. The third communication flow could be in the kind of peer to peer communication and interaction. This means that the employees and the workers at the same level communicate within their own capacities and as such there are no hindrances arising from the whole communication matrix. Apart from this, within an organization the communication also flows in a formal as well as an informal manner. Where the communication is more formal and sophisticated, the interaction is usually done through paper and written requests whereas the informal talk is also called

Should drivers of automobiles be prohibited from using cellular phones Essay - 4

Should drivers of automobiles be prohibited from using cellular phones - Essay Example Most of the countries have banned the use of cellular phones during drive in order to curtail accidents. Purpose now is to analyse the advantages and disadvantages of using cellular while driving, with a view to reach at a common understanding of phone usage by automobile drivers during drive. Cell phone is the best available mean of communication especially in case of emergency or when some urgent decisions related to business, social gathering and community are desired. At the same time use of cell phone is major reason of distraction while driving. While driving, driver is supposed to be vigilant about traffic, signals, pedestrians and road conditions (Strayer & William 462). Concentration is the most difficult thing to achieve while driving if driver is using cell phone. This tendency has caused numerous accidents in the past. Therefore, use of cell phone while driving should be prohibited in order to safeguard the lives of innocent people. It is obvious that one cannot be vigilant about surroundings while talking on the cell phone. Cell phone conversation attracts more attention than driving. Diversion of attention during drive is simply unaffordable even for a second (Strayer & William 465). If, driver is little inattentive than he may face the dire circumstances in the shape of an accident. This is what has happened to people in the recent past and same is happening at present also. University of Utah psychology department carried out study in 2003 for determination of risks posed by cell phone usage during driving. Different teams of people were made for analyzing their performances in different situations. One team drove simulator while taking on the cell phone. Another team got drunk for the reasons of comparison between drunk drivers and drivers taking on cell phones. Another team comprised of people who were fully focused on the driving. It was found that people who were talking on the cell phone were more dangerous than drunk drivers at few

History of Commincation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of Commincation - Essay Example The Renaissance era was a time with a lot of technological advancements. Communication also had a significant technological advancement including the printing press and also the linear perspective in drawing. There were major artists of the period that had a meaningful communication through their artwork. There are sketchbooks from that period that include books from Leonardo Da Vinci that have valuable insight into the mechanical technology of the time. The late 14th century and the early 15th century saw the use of the arquebus and musket. The printing press that was a significant advancement in technology saw many books and other media messages spread throughout Europe. The spreading of the messages and the books was a great help to enable people to be more conscious of their national identities. Printing that was a significant development during the era was a discovery by Gutenberg. The whole idea was Gutenberg’s invention that saw the printing machine being a movable type . The movable part saw the increase in use and it spread all over Europe. The expanded interest in expressions, designing and building ventures required non-verbal and traceable correspondence record of a more rugged sturdiness than wooden tablets with clay or wax. The material was accessible, yet was excessively costly. Amid the Renaissance paper fabricating, which likely had its creation in China around 100 AD, was beaten and paper plants set up crosswise over Europe. Even before education turns out to be, more broad portrayals and drawings were utilized to communicate.

Marketing Planning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Planning - Coursework Example Intense competition amongst big three firms in global wind market with global market share differential of only 0.7% between Siemens and its close competitor- Vestas (Zawadzki, 2015). One of the fundamental issues facing Siemens Wind Energy is the inability to set foot in the Chinese market which happens to be one of the fastest growing markets for wind energy. This is owing to stiff competition from rivals such as Ming Yang , Goldwind and United Power which continue to dominate top positions in their home country (Gosensa & Lu, 2014) . Previously, European solar power manufacturers have been virtually eliminated by cheaper Chinese competititors. In conjunction to this is the threat of overinvestment which has left many, including the Danish Vestas, on the verge of bankruptcy (Lund, 2014). Another major issue confronting Siemens is the cost of electricity generation from offshore turbines which, at 14 euro cents a kilowatt-hour, is still higher than the cost of fossil-fuel electricit y generation in Europe (The Economist, 2014). Unless binding targets of renewable energy consumption are set by EU towards its member states, Siemens may expect falling demand for offshore wind turbines in European countries. This is reflected in the fact that the Europe and Middle East market, which is currently the largest global market for wind energy, is expected to contract to 34% down from 40% by 2030 (Reuters, 2013). Next, the company is facing the brunt of vague political efforts and direction in the field of renewable energy. Planned projects have consequently been delayed as main offshore wind markets such as Germany suffer from policy restructuring, thereby reducing the targeted capacity for offshore wind energy (Schaps, 2014). Finally, a major issue lies in the faulty manufacturing process of bearings used in wind turbines from a particular supplier

Features of Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Features of Efficient Market Hypothesis - Essay Example As a result one cannot earn returns over and above the average return of the market provided that the information is available when invested. The following are the underlying assumptions of efficient market hypothesis. The ‘weak form’ of the efficient market hypothesis identifies prices of tradable assets like stocks, property and bonds etc, which reflect all information that was available to the public in the past. In other words, say for example, the past prices of stock A is reflected in its current stock price. The ‘strong form’ of the efficient market hypothesis is the strongest form of efficiency of financial markets. It is of the view that information, public or private in nature, is reflected through the stock prices, in the market. Thus even insider information cannot put the investor in an advantageous position (Fama, 1970, p.383). As already discussed the efficient market hypothesis makes the assertion that asset prices reflect all the information available in the market. Now we shall explain as to why it is not able to adequately explain asset pricing with respect to debt and equity. The efficient market hypothesis is the right platform to start when one is thinking of asset price formation. However evidences have suggested that it has been unable to explain some features of market behaviour. The market prices at times are subjected to misalignments which can exist for a prolonged period of time (Fama, 1991, p.8). The random walk model is one of the versions of efficient market.

Culinarian Coookware Case Essay Example for Free

Culinarian Coookware Case Essay I.Consumer Behavior Culinarian cookware is sold through retailers and directly to consumers. Culinarian has carefully cultivated relationships with its limited retail network, comprised of three upscale kitchen specialty chains, two department store chains, and 75 local specialty stores. Direct-to-consumer sales are made through Culinarian’s website or its catalogs. Because Culinarian relies on a variety of intermediaries to sell its products through retail channels (see Exhibit A for details), it must be careful how any planned promotions will change incentives for those intermediaries. For example, price discounts offered by Culinarian may not be passed on to end users. Thus, although end users ultimately drive sales of Culinarian products, Culinarian must take care to protect the interests of retailers and their salespeople in order to remain successful. The Orion Market Research Study reveals a great deal of useful information regarding Culinarian’s target demographic. Despite the many options to purchase remotely (via online vendors or mail order catalogues), purchases from retail locations account for 85% of total sales. See Exhibit B for details. This is strong evidence that consumers want to evaluate the quality and style of the cookware at the time of purchase. 75% of consumers in the study already own more than 5 pieces of cookware. See Exhibit C for more details. The majority of households in the Orion study had either given or received cookware as a gift, which aligns with evidence suggesting that cookware sales are seasonal – purchasing peaks occur in May and June (wedding season) and November and December (the holiday season). Because cookware is a durable good (i.e. it is not consumed and carries forward from one period into the next) it may be especially sensitive to sales discount cycles. Details on pre-sale losses and post-sale losses due to cannibalization are shown in Exhibit E. See Exhibit F for details on variation in cookware purchases by month. If consumers are purchasing in anticipation of annual events, they may be especially sensitive to promotional offers. This means that any analysis of cannibalization due to promotions or price discounts must be sure to analyze the full impact of pre and post-sale cannibalization. II.Culinarian success factors Culinarian has built a premium brand by producing innovative, high-quality cookware and developing strong relationships with retailers. Culinarian’s products are trusted by consumers who consider cooking to be their number one hobby (60% of Culinarian customers), and by professional chefs. The company meets the needs of these different segments by offering four product lines, each varying in terms of the level of technology and features involved, but all high quality. Culinarian has also been a leader in terms of metallurgic improvements in the cookware industry. Most important to Culinarian’s success, however, is its relationship with retailers. The company’s focused retail strategy allows the Culinarian sales team to visit retailers more often than their competitors, keeping retailers abreast of new products and training sales clerks as necessary. In addition, Culinarian products are more profitable for retailers than competitors’ products, creating addi tional warmth for their cookware among retailers. III.Evaluation of 2004 promotion Culinarian’s senior sales manager, Victoria Brown, maintains that the 2004 promotion was profitable, while a team of consultants believes it lost Culinarian money. The tables in Exhibit G depict each viewpoint on the effectiveness of the promotion, in addition to our own midrange analysis. Differences in the estimation of projected vs. actual sales largely accounts for the difference in profitability estimates. The consultants included cannibalization estimates in their model, while Brown argued that different â€Å"normal† estimates should be used when calculating sales. However, we find Brown’s belief that â€Å"there is no reliable way to calculate cannibalization costs† (case p.6) to be unconvincing; while the consultants’ numbers may not be perfect, they approximate the results of customers and retailers being able to plan purchasing around the price promotion due to the January notification. We included cannibalization in our midrange estimate for this reason. Brown and the consultants also disagree on the calculation of variable costs. Brown states that only direct labor and raw materials should be included, while the consultants include a much more comprehensive bundle of SGA expenses and overhead. Either could be considered correct, but as a check we calculated a midway point in addition to the consultants’ perspective and Brown’s perspective. Brown’s numbers show strong profitability of $2.4 million due to the 2004 sales promotion, while the consultants’ numbers show a loss of $409,697 due to the promotion. Our intermediate scenario, incorporating cannibalization costs but splitting the difference between the consultants and Brown on both sales figures and variable costs, shows a weak profitability of $106,594 from the promotion. This weak profitability must be held against the negative side effects of price promotions in general, and part icularly with regard to premium products. IV.2007 promotion recommendations We do not recommend that Culinarian continue offering price promotions. The fluctuations in demand for Culinarian products around the promotional period in 2004 indicates the likelihood that cannibalization occurred; we found that much of the growth in demand as well as the corresponding decline in demand before and after a promotional period had little to do with the typical monthly demand in the market. It seems very likely that the decreased demand we see before and after the promotional periods can be attributed to the cannibalization of full price sales by the discounted units sold during promotions. Another strong reason why we recommend against price promotions is that no other premium cookware manufacturer engages in these promotions. Part of cultivating a high-end brand image is making sure that products are priced accordingly, and making sure that consumers are able to distinguish between lower-end and premium products. Price can be an important indicator of quality, desirability, and status in this regard. Culinarian is extremely careful about maintaining its premium brand image, and offering regular price promotions along with lower-end producers such as Star Chef and Kitchen Select would likely erode the brand positioning that Culinarian had developed. However, we have developed two alternative recommendations to price promotions that may help strengthen Culinarian’s distribution network and increase sales. First, we recommend that Culinarian strengthen the point system currently in place to reward retail salespeople with Culinarian cookware. Emphasizing this alternative incentive would help maintain good retailer relationships, and would increase the motivation of salespeople to sell Culinarian. Second, we recommend that Culinarian continue its free gift promotion in slightly altered form. Qualifying customers should be provided with a coupon that directs them to Culinarian’s website, where they can enter their information and have the gift shipped to them. By running the promotion through its website, Culinarian will remove the burden of free gift inventory costs for retailers and, more importantly, drive traffic to Culinarian’s underutilized website (currently less than 5% of sales are made through the website). Additional web traffic could increase the proportion of direct purchases (with the attendant higher margins), as well as keeping customers more connected to the company and more likely to purchase Culinarian products in the future.

Foreign Direct Investment In Nigeria

Foreign Direct Investment In Nigeria The Nigeria economy has attained the middle income status according to the World Bank, with its ample stock of natural resources and institutional development and growth in the country. The Stock Exchange market in Nigeria is the second largest in Africa. The GDP Purchasing Power Parity was ranked 31st in the World as at the end of 2011. The balance of payment showed a trade surplus with the United States which is her largest foreign investor and a recipient of the largest export market for U.S. goods. During the  oil boom  of the 1970s, Nigeria accumulated a weighty foreign debt to finance key infrastructural investments. In October 2005, Nigerian authorities had a negotiation with its Paris Club  creditors and concluded on an agreement in which Nigeria debt was discounted by approximately 60%. Nigeria thereby used part of its oil profits to pay the residual 40%, releasing up at least $1.15  billion annually for poverty reduction programmes being carried out. History was rec orded in Nigeria after the debts were paid and was now known as the first African country to pay up all owed debt to the Paris club amounting to an estimated value of $30  billion. It is important to know that Petroleum  plays a large role in the Nigerian economy, accounting for 40% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 80% of Government earnings. The telecommunication market in Nigeria is one of the World fastest growing fastest growing markets with major emerging market operators (like MTN, Etisalat, Zain and Globacom) who based their largest and most profitable centers in the country.  The government has recently begun expanding this infrastructure to  space based communications with a space satellite which is monitored at the Nigerian National Space Research and Development Agency Headquarters in Abuja. The financial service sector has developed as a result of the combination of international and local banks, brokerage houses, insurance companies and brokers, asset management companies, private equity funds and investment banks. Rampant inflation has occurred on the Naira and the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has been trying to control the rate to remai n below 10%, in 2011, CBN increased interest rate, rising from 6.25% to 12%. On 31 January 2012, CBN decided to maintain the key interest rate at 12%, in order to reduce the impact of inflation due to reduction in fuel subsidies. Though the, the inflation rate in Nigeria was recorded at 12.80 percent in July of 2012. The unemployment situation in Nigeria is currently high just like how it has affected the global world due to the economic crisis as it was last reported at 23.9 percent in 2011. 2.2 Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria A definition contained in the Balance of Payment Manual (Washington, D.C. International Monetary Fund, 1997 and 1993) defined Foreign direct investment as investment completed through a long lasting management interest of an organization, enterprise or professional body operating in a country other than that of the investor in question. And must have at least 10% ownership of the organization considered as FDI (Patterson et al 2004). Usually FDI are made by large multinational (MNEs) through acquisition or merger or the development of a new facility. The broad spectrum of all the MNEs is that they play a dominant role in Research and Development by bringing new technologies into such country and also they have great influence on the economy they invest in (Balaam and Veseth, 2008). The debate of FDI has increased as a result of the large flow of FDI into both developed and developing country and its importance on the growth in such economies and global economy at large. The component s of FDI should not be mistaken; this includes equity capital, reinvested earnings and intra-company loans. Equity capital is the foreign direct investors net purchase of the shares and loans of an enterprise in the country of investment other than its own. Re invested earnings is part of an affiliates earning accruing to the foreign investor that is reinvested in that enterprise. And intra-company loans are short or long term loans from parent firms to affiliate enterprise or vice-versa. 2.2.1Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment The economic determinants of inward FDI can be grouped for conveniences sake into three categories each reflecting the motivation for investing in foreign countries in specific Nigeria. This includes resource seeking, market seeking and efficiency seeking. Resource seeking is a principal determinant because the availability of natural resources in the host country determines if such country is well endowed and if investment is possible. In previous years the agriculture sector in Nigeria was booming and served as a great form of investment venture in the economy as the earnings accruing from it boosted the economic growth of the country. However in recent years, the oil and gas industry has overshadowed the agriculture sector and therefore neglected as resources and funds have been used to improve the oil and gas sector. Petroleum oil since then has served as a huge avenue for foreign investors because of the abundance in the country the inflow to that sector has been high and theref ore contributing about 40% to Gross domestic product, 90% of exports and 80% of government revenue. The relevance of economic determinant for attracting market seeking FDI is the market size in absolute terms. Large market can accommodate domestic and foreign thereby helping to boost firms production to operate on scale and scope economies and Nigeria has a wide market base. Efficiency seeking determinants can be other forms that reflect the motivation to invest such as that availability of low-cost unskilled labor in Nigeria. 2.2.2 Challenges of the Operating Environment for FDI Some of the major limitations to attracting investment in Nigeria include unfriendly investment environment, inconsistency in government policies, others are social vices such as insecurity corruption, financial and economic crimes as well as conflicting policies. The challenge therefore is to reverse these: (i) The Capital market The Nigerian capital market was also not secured in the tumults of the global economic crisis, in April 2008; the market experienced a downturn in the history of capital market operations in the country. This unprecedented sinking of the stocks forced both foreign and local investors who had opted for the advantage of the optimal return on investments on the stock exchange began to scoot elsewhere in extreme anxiety. (ii) Energy As a result of the global economic crisis the demand for oil decreased, resulting in oil prices dipping from $140 per barrel in the third quarter of the year to $44, and being the principal source of the countrys revenue earner. The foreign reserves dwindled from $65billion to $45billion within six months from the third to last the quarter of the year. Apart from the above, Nigerias high propensity for imports was also part of the reasons for the fast diminished foreign reserves. In 2006, 2.5millions barrels per day were produced and grew to about 3millions barrels per day. Unfortunately the Niger River Delta violence during this period cut off 600,000 barrels per day. Furthermore, the lack of qualified technical staff was a constraint, kidnapping in the Delta also made recruiting expatriate staff difficult, especially for the oil services companies (iii) Power: Numerous ways of improving infrastructural development have been embarked upon by government but still to no avail. Development of infrastructure particularly electric energy has been and still remains a major concern of investors even despite the Power Reform Program, no productive result has been achieved (Bello 2011). The inadequate infrastructure has imposed high transaction cost for business and thereby militating against growth of the private sector 2.3 Foreign Direct Investment Flows This section discusses and explains the pattern of Foreign Direct Investment flow in the World and in Nigeria. 2.3.1Trends and Pattern of FDI in the World The world economy has gone global due to the liberalization of trade, the breaking of business barriers, technological advancements, capital markets and the growth of international goods and services or ideas over the past decades. Ayanwale (2007), many developing countries see FDI as an important element in their strategy for economic development and this has led to the speedy growth of FDI around the world. In developing countries, Mergers and acquisitions including private- to-private transactions as well as acquisitions through privatization became an important vehicle for FDI (Kyaw, 2003). Therefore, developing countries have made impact on the global economy as a result of large domestic market, cheap and skilled labor, low labor costs and high returns on investment especially in the economics of industrialized states. This has led to many countries improving their business climate to attract more FDI. In fact, one of the pillars for launching the new partnership for Africas de velopment (NEPAD) was to accelerate FDI inflows to the region (Funke and Nsouli, 2003). The trend of FDI depicts in the diagram below of the inflow of FDI in the past twenty years as there has been an upward movement from 1990 and a decrease in1999 then rose again in 2003 and continued to rise until the decrease again from 2007 and has remained very low due to the world economic crises that has been ongoing. Figure 2.1: World Foreign Direct Investment Inflow Source: World Development Indicators 2008 Fifty-seven new measures affecting FDI were introduced by forty African countries of which forty-nine among these measures encouraged inward FDI (UNCTAD, 2007). The increase in FDI inflows largely reflected strong performance and relatively high economic growth (UNCTAD, 2008). 30% of total FDI inflows were accounted for as reinvested earnings as a result of increased profits of foreign affiliates, notably in developing countries. In Africa, FDI inflows increased from $18 billion in 2004 to $36 billion in 2006. This was due to improved prospects for corporate profits, increased interest in natural resources and a more favorable business climate. As regards this, many studies have been conducted to ascertain these; however, the results do not give accurate evidence of the impact of FDI on the economy of developing countries. For example, Lumbila (2005), Sylwester (2005) and Ndikumana and Verick (2008) show that there is a positive effect of FDI on economic growth, while others such as (Fry, 1993, Dutt, 1997; Hermes and Lensink, 2003) gave contrary conclusions. Further, other studies suggest that the effect of FDI on economic growth may depend on whether the country has minimal level of absorptive capacity that is a prevailing environment that can attract FDI such as educated workforce, institutional infrastructure and liberalized markets (Borenztein et al., 1998; Carkovic and Levine, 2002; Le Vu and Suruga, 2005). 2.3.2Trends and Pattern of FDI in Nigeria Nigeria a country well-endowed with natural resources and a very large market sizes qualifies to be a major recipient of FDI in West Africa and indeed one of the top leading West African Countries that has consistently received FDI in years past as we see in the figure below: Figure 2.2: Nigeria Foreign Direct Investment stock Source: UNCTAD 2012 However the level of FDI attracted by FDI has shown no specific significant value in the growth of the economy and is been seen as mediocre (Asiedu 2003) compared with the resources of the country. Furthermore, the empirical relationship between FDI and economic growth has remained unclear despite numerous studies that have examined the subject of interest. However, recent evidence supports that the relationship between FDI and growth may be country and period specific. Asiedu (2001) submits that the determinants of FDI in one region may not be the same for other regions. Although it has been generally acknowledged that FDI is an important aspect of the recent wave of globalization across countries. FDI inflow to diverse regions of the world has been increasing dramatically. The total world FDI as at 1990 stood at US$204443370862.543 and grew dramatically to US$815219446619.453 (World Bank 2012). Only few countries have been successful in attracting significant FDI flows. But West Af rica as a whole has not benefitted particularly from the FDI boom. In West Africa, FDI amounted to 14012.54758974US dollars in 1990 and has been increasing gradually and currently stands at 110394 US dollars (UNCTAD 2012). Although UNCTADs World Investment Report 2004 reported that Africas outlook for FDI is promising, the expected surge is yet to be manifest. Nigeria is one of the few countries that have consistently benefited from the FDI inflow to West Africa and has turned out to be one of the most attractive countries in West Africa in terms of FDI inflows with a value of $69242million in 2011 amongst others such as Ghana with $12320miilion, Liberia with $546smillions, Cote d Ivoire with $6408millions and Niger with $3123millions. Nigeria share of FDI inflow to West Africa in 2011 covers about 63%. As percentage of GDP, foreign direct investment has increased substantially since 1990 till 2001 but began to drop since 2002 and currently stand at 29.16%. Although the value of FDI inflow into Nigeria has been on the increase. This is attributable to the economic reforms and the resulting of macroeconomic stability, which have instilled great credibility in the Nigerian economy. However the FDI contribution as a percentage to Gross domestic Product has fallen but the Nigerian economy has experienced strong growth in recent years. Real GDP growth averaged 7.8 percent from 2004 to 2007, and growth of 6.4 percent in 2007. Sectorally, there was a surge of FDI flows in the primary sector, mainly oil and gas. In 2008 Nigeria was at the top of the ten Africa FDI recipient nations with over US$20billion. The ethnic conflicts and youth restlessness in the Niger delta affected the level of the crude Oil production. The election tension and these socio-political conflicts aggravated the problems of insecurity and hence the improbability in the domestic business environment which in turn impacted negatively on the inflow of FDI. Towards this the Federal Government has improved the security in that region and the youths in that region are being empowered to participate in productive ventures. In addition, the services sector particularly, transport, storage and communications continued to attract FDI since 2006. Oil accounts for nearly 40 per cent of GDP, but from 2001 to 2006-except in 2003-real growth in other sectors outpaced growth in the oil sector. For example the telecommunication sector experienced strong growth after its privatization. In spite of the surplus of studies on FDI and economic growth in Nigeria, the existing empirical evidence on the causal relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth and the associated benefits is very inconclusive. In spite of a seemingly positive association between FDI and economic growth, the empirical literature has not reached a consensus on the direction of this impact, however, suggesting that foreign direct investment can be either beneficial or harmful to economic growth. The principal driving force for this work is that for developing economies, and for Nigeria in particular, the issue of economic growth is an important one. 2.4Sources and sectorial distribution of Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria Nigeria sources of FDI over the years have been increasing. There are more countries investing in Nigeria than in previous years. Some countries include USA, UK, China, and Netherlands amongst others.   Nigerias most important sources of FDI have traditionally been the home countries of the oil majors. The USA, present in Nigerias oil sector through Chevron Texaco and Exxon Mobil, had investment stock of USD3.4 billion in Nigeria in 2008, the latest figures available. The UK, one of the host countries of Shell, is another key FDI partner UK FDI into Nigeria accounts for about 20% of Nigerias total foreign investment. As China is striving to expand its trade relationships with Africa, it is becoming one of Nigerias most important sources of FDI; Nigeria is Chinas second largest trading partner in Africa, next to South Africa. From US$3 billion in 2003, Chinas direct investment in Nigeria is reported to be now worthwhile. Different sectors have received different amount of FDI in Nigeria. The total volume of FDI captured through the Central Bank of Nigeria is US$7,750billion. This represented about 11% increase over 2007 figure of US$6,935billion. The non-oil sector attracted US$7,109billion which represents about 91% of the inflow with the services sector being the major beneficiary with about 82% of the total inflow into the economy. The banking and finance sector accounted for about 9%. The country remains the highest destination of investment within the Economic Community of West Africa (ECOWAS) region by attracting about 50% of the total volume into the region. It is evident to note that when compared to other countries in Africa in terms of total stock of FDI attracted over the last ten years. Nigeria is ranked second to South Africa as we see in the figure below: Figure 2.3: Selected African Countries FDI inflow in comparison with Nigeria Source: UNCTAD 2008 2.5Foreign Direct Investment policies Framework 2.5.1Investment Framework and Bodies The Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission Act laid out the framework for Nigerias investment policy in 1995. Under the Act, foreign ownership of 100% is allowed in other industries apart from Oil and Gas industry where investment is constrained to existing joint ventures or new production-sharing agreements. The essence is to promote and facilitate investment in Nigeria. In 2006, a One Stop Investment Centre (OSIC) was set up to bring together agencies with mandate as regards investment and streamline the process of investing in the country. Furthermore, the Commission is required to encourage, promote and co-ordinate investment in the Nigeria Economy. The law allows the Commission to grant approvals on fiscal concessions on industry interrelated incentives such as: Export oriented industry, Local raw material utilization, and Pioneer industries, Implant training, Research and development, Investment on infrastructural facilities, Investment in economically disadvantaged areas; pr ovided that the fiscal incentives for which approvals are given shall be for tax concessions (NIPC 2006-2008 Report). Other Stakeholders that were represented within the One Stop Investment Centre (OSIC) are: Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC): who will be responsible for name search and company incorporation registration. Nigerian Immigration Services (NIS): will be in charge of Expatriate Quota Positions, Regularization of Permanent Work Permits, and other immigration facilities. Nigeria Customs Service (NCS): has the role of issuance of import and export guidelines procedure for citing excise factories goods clearance facilitation and generation information on fiscal policy issues. Federal Inland Revenue Services (FIRS): is responsible for tax registration, payments of stamp duties, issuance of tax clearance certificate and issuance of tax forms National Agency for Food and Drug administration and Control (NAFDAC): has the function of registration of regulated products, issuance of export certificate, authorization to import of unregistered products Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON): is responsible for facilitating all aspect of standardization activities, approvals or permit for use of standards and provide guidelines for investors. Amongst others. 2.5.2 Other Policy incentives Investment incentives are commonly intended to provide tariff, fiscal and other concessions to enterprises that meet certain criteria such as choice of sector, size, location and employment creation etc. This applies both to foreign and domestic investors. Thus, for the main aim of attracting identified strategic investments, the NIPC by its mandate is expected to execute full authority in the administration of the numerous incentives to encourage investment activities. However, this has not been the case as some Federal Ministries and agencies are also performing this function and leading to misplaced obligation. This requires coordination and streamlining for effectiveness and efficiency. The recent Presidential Committee on Problems of Investors is doing its best in overcoming most of the constraints and attempt are being made to review the incentive regime and make them responsive to the yearnings of investors. Other investment promotional activities include: Sensitization programme aimed at educating the Public on its activities and to seek public support for its programmes. Hosting business and investment forums like successfully organized the 1st Nigeria-Brazil Business and investment Forum which held in Sao Paulo, African Petroleum, Energy and Mining Forum in Beijing, Nigerian Argentine Business Investment Forums and other conferences being organized to promote investment like International Business Leaders Conference (NIPC 2006-2008 Report). 2.6 Linking Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth The link between Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth has been a subject of debate for many decades and has been subject to empirical scrutiny. There have been new found facts about this link due to the emergence of the globalized world in recent times. This is due to the acknowledgement of Multinational Corporation, capital accumulation and large investment in trade in developing countries. Foreign direct investment is bundle of capital stock and technology, and can augment the existing stock of knowledge in the host economy through skill acquisition and diffusion, labor training and the introduction of new managerial practices and organizational arrangements (De Mello 1997). Three literatures have added to the subject of FDI-led growth. First, previous studies based on the assumption that there is only one causality from FDI to GDP growth and have been criticized in more recent studies (for example Kholdy 1995). In other words not only can FDI cause negative or positive ef fect on growth but growth can affect the flow of FDI. Secondly, the new-growth model has resulted in some reappraisal of determinant of growth in modeling the role played by FDI in growth process. Thirdly, the new development in econometrics theory such as time series concept of integration and causality testing has further expanded the ongoing contest of the relationship between FDI and economic growth. Foreign direct investment can impact growth directly and indirectly. The impact of FDI can be seen to directly impact growth through capital accumulation, and the incorporation of new inputs and foreign technologies in the production function of the host country. Neoclassical and endogenous growth models have used empirical test to check the theoretical benefits of FDI. In the neoclassical growth models FDI promotes economic growth by increasing the volume of investment but FDI affects growth only in the short run because of diminishing returns to capital in the long run. Longà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ run growth in the neoclassical models arises from exogenous growth of the labor force and exogenous technological progress. In the endogenous growth models FDI raises growth through technological diffusion from the developed countries to the developing. This permanent knowledge transfer from FDI accounts for the diminishing returns that result in long run growth. The endogenous growth literature has identified country conditions that must be present for FDI to have a positive impact on growth such as the complementarity between domestic and foreign investment, adequate leve ls of human capital, open trade regimes, and wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ developed financial markets. Some of the most important endogenous growth empirical research has been discussed in the literature review section. It is now necessary to look at the impact of FDI on growth in the economy and the analysis on whether FDI has an effect on economic growth; this will be discussed in the next chapter.

The New Way to Book Your Travels :: essays research papers

The New Way to Book Your Travels   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In December’s e-issue of 4 Hoteliers.com, the article â€Å"Give the People what they want – Airfare and Car Rentals from your Hotels website,† by Richard Getz, elaborates on the new selling techniques in which major hotel corporations are incorporating into their websites. The customer will be able to book his/her hotel room, airline ticket as well as their rental car all at the same time and on the same website as a package. Though you might think you are booking your package with that company, you are really booking it through a â€Å"middle man† company called AirDepartment.com. Really the hotels website is linked directly with AirDepartment.com, who is the real one booking the flight, your rental car and your lodging accommodations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This incentive for the customer of having to book all of their travel arrangements at the same time has proved to be quite enticing because of the steady increase in internet sales for booking travel arrangements all at once. The â€Å"Big Dogs† of the hotel world such as Westin, Marriott, Sheraton, Four Points, St. Regis, and Holiday Inn to name a few, have this new service on their websites and the sales have been increasing steadily.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The company AirDepartment.com is also establishing itself in the travel world to be a partner, not a competitor for hotel corporations. As being a partner for hotels, the company hopes to seek the future contracts with other large dominating hotel chains such as Hilton, Best Western and Intrastate Hotels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article relates much to what we talk about in class because it is another strategy in which sales companies are enticing travelers. How they entice these travelers? They entice them because of the pure convenience of booking all travel arrangements at once on the same website.

Curriculum and Cultural Capital relating to Social Justice and Educatio

Education is the process of skills, the acquisition of knowledge and understanding that all children acquire through learning in an institute of education, every individual has an equal right to an education and as a result, an entitlement is provided to all children. However, there are a proportion of children that are at a disadvantaged due to cultural and social indifferences, consequently, for all pupils, education can be seen as the means of a socialising process, which generates a set of principles that may affect many of its learners, Thus the National Curriculum was initiated as an opportunity of equality in addition to an inclusive education, which would provide all its pupils regardless of socio economic backgrounds. However, for a few of the heterogeneous group, the National Curriculum, on the grounds of fairness and opportunities created a socialisation process, which simultaneously is the possibility of why some children achieve, in addition to those who do not. Thus, th e entirety of its pupils has its advantages together with its disadvantages by dividing numerous children into a catalogue of academically able, with the addition of the view being reversed given that this is achieved through the process of social reproduction. Each class has its own cultural background, knowledge, dispositions, and tastes that are transmitted through the family (Bourdieu 1984) which is the predispositions of each student achieving in education. Thus, this essay will consider the ways into which, and how the extent of social justice and education is influenced through cultural capital and the National Curriculum. Cultural capital to some degree is whom you know and what you know. To characterize cultural capital, it is indicated thro... ...al and Cultural Development. London: Continuum. Carr, W. and Hartnett, A. (1996) Education and the Struggle for Democracy. Buckingham: Open University Press. Matheson, D. and Grosvenor, I. (1999) An Introduction to the study of Education. London: David Fulton Publishers. Bartlett, S. and Burton, D. (2007) Introduction to Education Studies. 2nd ed. London: SAGE Publications Ayers, W. Quinn, T. and Stovall, D. (2009) Handbook of Social Justice in Education. New York: Routledge. Bates, I and Riseborough, G. (eds). (1993) Youth and Inequality. Buckingham: Open University Press, pp. 142-43. Selfe, P. (2000) Education, Training and Policy. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Payne, G (ed.) (2000) Social Divisions. London: Macmillan. p. 160. BBC NEWS(2001) School test results 'useless' say critics. [online].[ Available] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/1684247.stm

Slang: My Social Dialect :: Essays Papers

Slang: My Social Dialect From the student: In Writing Studio 205, we focused on the rhetoric of discourse communities. For this particular assignment, we were asked to discuss a discourse community that we are a part of, and its effect on people outside of that community. I decided to use my experiences growing up in New York City as my focal point. In all my writings, I tend to reflect on my experiences to enrich and personalize texts. From the teacher: In her essay, Kimberlea begins by analyzing her social dialect but broadens her essay to address the larger implications of Black English in American culture. Her essay weaves narrative, analytical and argumentative elements; her conclusion ends with a flourish of manifesto. Overall, this essay is an exploration of the social context of language use, with close attention to the ways in which language use conveys messages about class, status, race and power. As a black woman, I must speak differently. I must be able to communicate with my peers and with those who I interact with on a regular basis. I must also be able to speak in the business world. I must know the right time to voice my opinion and the most effective way to do it. I must be powerful and dynamic in my speech and presence. Does that make me any less of a person? Does that mean that I am allowing myself to be homogenized by White America? Does that make me a sell-out? To some people that would make me a sell-out. They would say that I am leaving behind my language for something else. For something that is not mine. I think not. It makes me an intelligent woman who will not let the constraints of language hold me back. Yeah, that's right, I have a dialect. I have a social dialect that if used in the wrong place at the wrong time will immediately classify me as being an uneducated, black, "hip-hop talking bad girl." But there is more to me than that. I speak to reveal the id eas and notions in my head. I speak to you so that you can understand me, so that the conversation flows. I speak to my peers differently, so that they can understand me and feel comfortable around me. My social dialect is that of a young black woman. Not someone from the deep South or someone from Oakland, just someone from Brooklyn.

Explore the Relationship Shown Towards Curley’s Wife by Crooks and Candy

Explore the relationship shown towards Curley’s wife by Crooks and Candy. Section 4 In the extract given Crooks and Candy talk to Curley’s wife. In the extract we see Curley’s wife approach crooks and Candy and we see the relationship between them and how it explores how they have no respect for Curley’s wife.In the extract crooks approaches and insults Curley’s wife, which is quite significant as he is a black man and in the 1930’s Many black people were not respected and treated badly so the fact he has the courage to stand up to Curley’s wife suggests that he loathes her and does not care whether he gets in troubles as he disrespects her and does not care about her, this suggests that the relationship between crooks and Curleys wife is that Crooks is not showing any respect to Curleys wife even though he is black and she is white which states that he doesn’t care about hierarchy if someone is disloyal to their husband.Candy a lso has a similar relationship with Curley’s wife as he also gets angry when she enters crooks’ room he says â€Å"if you were to do that we’d tell† this suggests that even though he does not get angry and even though he is a fragile old man he still believes that he can tell off Curley’s wife however he then backs down as he realises that a black man and an old fragile man cannot do anything against her so they both back down and we see the true nature of Curley’s wife as she gets angry.When Candy and Crooks start to retaliate against Curleys wife she becomes angry and authorative as she says to crooks â€Å"Listen nigger; you know what I can do to you if you open your trap† the fact Steinbeck uses words like nigger suggests she does not respect him at all and believes is not worth anything and she then refers to his mouth being a â€Å"trap† which suggests that she thinks that he is not supposed to be respected and his mouth is like a trap as it will get her trapped if he says anything but it can also be seen as a insult as it is so disgusting it traps anything so we see that there is no respect towards Crooks.However when she approaches Candy she is slightly more respectful as he is white and old so she cannot be mean but rather she threatens him as she sys â€Å"nobody’d listen to you† which threatens him as she says that even if she did something nobody would trust a old man or a â€Å"Nigger† Lennie is also present in the room while this conversation is going on however he does not say anything as previously in the book George told him to stay away from her but Lennie does say â€Å"I wishGeorge was here† this states that he feels insecure and troubled with her around her and wants George there for advice and protection which reinstates his innocence towards anyone however candy does comfort him as he says â€Å"don’t you worry none† which suggests that Cand y cares and wants to look after Lennie as he is his new business partner in their true American dream towards buying their own ranch, however this shows how curleys wife scares Lennie as he was told to stay away he finds her scary and as he wants to â€Å"tend the rabbits† doesn’t want to get in trouble.To conclude the relationship between curleys wife and crooks and candy is, Crooks and candy stand up to her as they hate and disrespect her so much for being disloyal however as crooks is a nigger and candy is an old man they find out they have no poor to the ranch boss’s son’s wife so they understand there is nothing to do about her so they just silently hate her and don’t say anything as they know they have no authority over her, so for the safety of their life and job they do nothing.

A Description of the Issue or Area of Public Concern Raised Essay

Unit 201 Principles of communication in adult social care settings Outcome 1 Understand why communication is important in adult social care settings 1.1 -Create and maintain relationships -To teach and to learn – To share opinions – Feelings and emotions -getting to know each other’s 1.2 Effective communication is essential in building a meaningful relationship between the resident and the carer as it can help build trust and respect. Effective communication is fundamental in regards to the resident’s needs and preferences and to ensure they are met. Effective communication can get positive results. 1.3 In face-to-face communication, the person listening may not always indicate verbally if they have understood or if they agree. Observing body language helps the speaker understand if the other person understand, agrees Outcome 2 Understand how to meet the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of an individual 2.1 It is important to find out an individual’s communication and language, needs, wishes and preferences to: Enable effective communication, understand what an individual is trying to express, understand an individual’s beliefs, culture, and values. To stop an individual becoming stressed out, frightened or frustrated. To be able to support an individual in their daily life. 2.2 Non-verbal communication: -written words -facial expressions – eye contact – touch – physical gestures – body language – behaviour – gestures – visual aids e.g. flash cards, pictures, symbols Verbal communication: – vocabulary – linguistic tone – pitch Outcome 3 Understand how to reduce barriers to communication 3.1 Barriers may include: – not understanding or being aware of an individual’s needs, wishes, beliefs, values and culture – not making communication aids available or checking they are working – not allowing sufficient time to listen -being dismissive and nonresponsive -a noisy environment -an uncomfortable environment e.g. lighting, temperature – a lack of privacy 3.2 To reduce barriers to communication you have to ensuring the support for individual’s, be available for others. Establishing the individual’s needs, wishes, beliefs, values and culture . Also seeking advice from others. If necessary change the environment. 3.3 At the end of the conversation you can ask the individuals if understand everything you was saying to him. To make yourself sure. 3.4 -Translation services This service can help with changing the written text from one language to another. -Interpreting services This service can help with converting spoken language to another language. -Speech and language services This service can support people who have had a stroke and have problems with their speech. -Advocacy services This service can support people who are unable to speak up for themselves. This service tries to understand the needs, wishes and preferences of people, and will argue on their behalf. Outcome 4 Understand confidentiality in adult social care settings 4.1 Confidentiality means keeping information private and keeping information safe. Passing on private information only with the individual’s permission . Only passing on information without the individual’s permission to others who have a right to it or need to know it. 4.2 If you wants maintain confidentiality you have to be aware of bringing up personal information re: patients/residents. Think before you share information as it may be confidential. Do not share more than is necessary. You have to check the identity of the person before passing on information. Do not discussing personal information about individuals outside of work, you never know who may be listening. 4.3 Sometimes confidential information disclosed by a client may need to be passed on to others: If there is a risk of danger or harm to the client, or other people, if abuse is suspected, or if there is suspected misconduct of a colleague, in respect of care of a client, (Whistle-blowing). You must inform the client why the information needs to be passed on to others, and that it is your responsibility to do so. 4.4 The only time you seek advice when adult has spoken to you in confidentiality is when that person is in danger. For example. If being sexually abused, physically abused, threatening to kill themselves etc.

Online gaming Essay

Is trying to attain the needs of the student with the new scheme of education. The K-12 entails the addition of Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health (MAPEH) subject in grades 1, 2 and 3. Music is a colorful sound that we hear after birth. Playing music for infants in their first year provides for enhancement and benefit in future education. Music has different meaning to every individual. It works as a means of learning, relaxation, and fun. Everyday, young people spend more than four hours watching television, one hour using a computer and one hour of playing video games. No wonder why this era has become the â€Å"digital age†. We can also refer to the current era as a visual age. The demand for new abilities also transformed the workplace. â€Å"The secret sauce comes from our ability to integrate are, music and literature with the hard sciences, that’s what produces an iPod Revolution or a Google.† Friedman says. Today arts are needed by our young people as a means of expression, communication, exploration, and imagination. Arts help us strengthen the critical thinking skills. It also develops cognitive and creative skills. Physical Education plays a critical role in educating the whole student. Like other academic courses of study, physical education is based upon rigorous national standards that define what students should know and be able to do as a result of participation. It is unique to the school curriculum as it is the only program that provides students with opportunities to learn motor skills, develop fitness, and gain understanding about the importance of physical activity. Students will be provided an individualized, developmentally appropriate, and personally challenging instructional program that will advance the knowledge, confidence, skills, and motivation needed to engage in a lifelong, healthy, active lifestyle. In the propose study of the proponents, the students are going to apply and use the application not just for the entertainment but for them to learn on  something like any other word games. But with this study the students are expected to learn words from the subject itself. Statement of the Problem This study find answers to the following questions: 1. Can the new game be an effective tool for learning while keeping players entertained? 2. Can the new game be an effective way of teaching MAPEH and can it be equally effective for enhancing the critical thinking skills of the players? General Objectives The general objective of this study is to implement a word game that enables the learning of the MAPEH subject more exciting. By providing a learning environment that is exciting and entertaining, the hope is to increase learning effectiveness. This game will act as a future learning tool that will assist in the problems that teachers face in expanding a child’s vocabulary. The same can be said for a teacher trying to teach students where Cebuano is not their first language. This application can make players more determined to learn and to advance in the language by forming as many words as they can. It will let the players build and expand their vocabulary and strengthens the advantages of learning and playing this game. Specific Objectives To create an application that is effective in teaching MAPEH subject with fun ï‚ · To create an application that enhances the players’ critical thinking skills Conceptual Framework The concept of the game is that the player inputs the user name after the submission, the player has two options in selecting the type of game, whether a timed game or a non-timed game. If the player selects timed game, the player can select among the four categories; Music, Arts Physical Education, or Health. If the player selects random category, there will be two (2) minutes allotted time for the player to search for possible word/s and if the player find the word/s there will be an additional ten (10)  seconds added to the player’s remaining time. In non-timed game, there will be a leveling stage of difficulty and the player will construct for possible answer in every random category questions. There is a rule in giving hint, in non-timed game, there is a help button for words that were not yet found. The player can hit the hint button every twenty (20) seconds only to have discipline in using hint. The timed game scoring is based on the number of words find while the non-timed game ranking score is based the length of words found. To make the game more interesting and exciting, the proponents added a hall of fame list , wherein it has a ranking of the top 10 players displaying their statistics like longest word found and their achievements that they gain from timed and non-timed game. However, if the player wanted to quit the non-timed game, he can hit the menu button and quit. If the player losses in timed game, there will be a notification box that will pop-up in which the player could choose and decide whether to try again or quit the game and return to main menu. Figure 1.0 The process of the Gameplay Simulation Scope and Delimitation of the Study Scope The study focuses on developing a PC game application of a book worm style game where it contains many categories that are related to MAPEH subject such as Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health. This game, players can choose whether it is timed game or non-timed game. Players can play with different category such as Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health or player can choose a random category. This game has a time limit wherein the player needs to complete the word/s before the time ends. If they can answer questions then points will be given and will be placed in a ranking or players can quit the game and return to main menu. In timed game, players can choose different category or a random category. Players will get a score for every word and if they have the biggest scores they will be put first in a ranking. Delimitation The game will only delimit the following: o It will only focus on related MAPEH subject. o It will only cater 2D Graphics and does not project 3D graphics. o It will only use materials that are educational. All inappropriate topics will be excluded. Significance of the Study Students – This research is significant to the students that find MAPEH as a difficult subject. Teachers – This research is significant to the teachers for they will also learn new learning tools or other way on how to teach MAPEH subject. Players – This research is significant to anybody that plays games since this game can enhance the players critical thinking skills of the subject MAPEH . Future Researchers – Anybody that wished to create the same study can use this as a reference. They will find this helpful. Definition of Terms 2D computer graphics – 2D computer graphics are digital images that are computer-based. They include 2Dgeometric models, such as image compositions, pixel art, digital art, photographs and text. 2D graphics are used every day on traditional printing and drawing. Computer Gaming – Computer gaming is a type of video game playing that is played on a personal computer, rather than a dedicated video game console. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter contains the review of related literature and related studies that contains relevant and useful information in conducting the research. Related Literatures Study examines potential positive effects of video games Video games have become part of our life. All age groups have a varying degree of experience with video games. Most games have been made for entertainment purposes. Nowadays, there is increasing controversy over the effects of video games. Parents worry about the negative effects of computer gaming on children, they’ve emphasized on the violent behavior and addiction of computer games. However, there are some positive effects which could benefit a person from playing video games. According to Snodgrass (2011), an associate professor of anthropology at Colorado State, video games can have potential positive effects on people. This was researched by examining the  different types of video gaming experiences and the effects they can have on players’ lives, including their self-reported levels of stress, life satisfaction and happiness. In video games, players could develop avatars and complete tasks in cooperation with other players. The complex and highly interactive nature of the game can lead players to feel as though they have become part of a vividly compelling alternate universe. The American Psychological Association (APA) researchers assessed their problem-solving ability by examining the types of cognitive, goal-oriented, game-oriented, emotional and contextual statements they made. Younger children seem more interested in setting short-term goals for their learning in the game compared to older children who are more interested in simply playing and the actions of playing. (Ostrovsky, 2008) Bookworm Deluxe Bookworm deluxe has similar concepts to Mother Tongue Bookworm. The game utilizes 2D graphic visualization, from a grid of available letters; players connect letters to form words. As words are formed, they are removed from the grid and the remaining letters collapse to fill the available space. The players are given a board filled with lettered tiles, and they have to string them together to form words. The player get points for each word and longer words are worth more points. A major benefit of the game is that it increases a player’s vocabulary. (Mueller, 2005) Scrabble Scrabble has been around for more than half a century now. Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by forming words from individual lettered tiles on a game board marked with a 15-by-15 grid. The words are formed across and down in crossword fashion and must appear in a standard dictionary. There are three ways in which the player could benefit from playing this game. One of which is that it builds vocabulary, second is it helps one improve spelling and lastly in developing the skill of anagramming. The game application made by the proponents used this game as inspiration for the board game concept. (Rooni, 2010) Boggle game Boggle game or most commonly known as word factory is a word game designed by Allan Turoff. The game is played using a plastic grid of lettered dice, in which players attempt to find words in sequences of adjacent letters. The game is intended to help children learn to recognize letters and words, to practice hand-eye coordination, and to learn the correct spellings of basic words. (Nickerson, 2007) Synthesis The above mentioned related literature and studies, the proponents viewed that the proposed game application would be feasible and would significantly help those students most specially Kindergarten to Grade 3 students who are under the K to 12 program of the Department of Education. Children nowadays have access to technology that was not available in previous generations and therefore they have a unique opportunity to use this technology to aid in how they learn. By reversing the negative effects of video games, there are benefits that could be gained by players while having fun at the same time. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY In this chapter, the proponents discussed the method used in this study and the different procedures in the development of the research. Moreover, it also included the research locale, design procedure, design instrument and the timeline of the study and how the gathered data collected and analyzed. http://www.sourcecodester.com/visual-basic/educational-computer-game-thesis.html

Public Health Issue Of Chlamydia Health And Social Care Essay

Chlamydia infection increases the likeliness of being at hazard for HIV infection and cervical malignant neoplastic disease ( Steben, 2004 ) . Known as the â€Å" concealed Venereal disease † because of the comparative trouble in observing infection, chlamydia is peculiarly common among immature adult females ( Alexander, 2006 ) . Numerous prevailing surveies in assorted clinical populations have shown that sexually active striplings and immature grownups have higher rates of chlamydia infection compared to the general population ( Adderley-Kelly, 2005 ) . In add-on, regional sterility undertakings that perform everyday large-scale showing and appraisal among adult females have found that younger adult females are more likely than older adult females to be tested positive for chlamydia infection ( Alexander, 2006 ; Adderley-Kelly, 2005 ) . Controling the spread of chlamydia has been a precedence of The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) ( 2010 ) . CDC recommends that sexually active females aged 20 old ages old and below and those over 20 old ages old possessing hazard factors ( e.g. multiple sex spouses ) be screened yearly. Literature besides supports the recommendation that Chlamydia testing through nursing wellness appraisal can help in early designation of the disease ( Steben, 2004 ) . Furthermore, instruction on bar could besides be implemented to raise consciousness about the hazard factors that are associated with the spread of this infection. Ahmed et Al. ( 2009 ) identified several hazard factors of Chlamydia, including age, race. deficiency of general cognition, holding multiple spouses, non-use of proper protection like rubber usage, and the use of resources or available plans to educate and forestall.Problem StatementThis survey recognizes that the high incidence of chlamydia can be mitiga ted through proper showing and early designation. More specifically, testing at-risk persons such as females aged 12 to 15 old ages old, would assist in the early sensing and bar of chlamydia infection. Due to the fact that the addition in chlamydia infection is among striplings, and the fact that it is many times symptomless, failure to seek medical attending occurs and later leads to long-run wellness concerns ( Alexander, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Burns, Briggs, & A ; Gaudet, ( 2007 ) , set uping a chlamydia testing or testing plan for striplings has ever been hard. Barriers to testing include the inability to pay for wellness showing due to a deficiency of wellness insurance, deficiency of transit to the clinic site, uncomfortableness with the clinic, and confidentiality issues. These barriers, in concurrence with a disease that exhibits minimum or no symptoms, generate a challenge for STD plans to test a bad population. The U.S. Preventive Service Task Force ( USPSTF, 2001 ) strongly recommended that clinicians routinely screen all sexually active adult females aged 25 and younger, and other symptomless adult females at increased hazard for infection. Since age is the most of import hazard factor, adult females and striplings through age 20 old ages are at highest hazard for chlamydia infection. Other hazard factors associated with high prevalence included: being single, Afro-american race, holding a anterior history of sexually transmitted disease, holding new, or multiple sexual spouses, holding cervical ectopy, and utilizing barrier preventives inconsistently ( Adderley-Kelly, 2005 ) . Individual hazard depends on the figure of hazard factors and local prevalence of the disease. Surveies have shown that unequal showing, besides consequence from three things: foremost, it takes clip for any new recommendations to be implemented. Second, practician ‘s attachment to testing recommendations varies widely. Third, attachment to testing recommendations varies by site of attention. Therefore, it is of import to be able to discourse and obtain a sexual wellness history with all patients, place the marks and symptoms of chlamydia and acknowledge possible hazard factors that are associated with chlamydia infection that would put persons at higher hazard ( Steben, 2004 ) . As nurses, it is imperative that we complete a full wellness appraisal which would include a sexual history to place early hazard and sensing of the disease. Appropriate screens have non being followed to measure persons with possible hazard factors.AimThe intent of the survey is to look into whether annually testing of sexually-active females aged 13 to 25 will increase bar and early sensing of chlamydia infection, as compared to females aged 13 to 25 who are sexually active and are non screened.Designation of Variables and Target PopulationThe independent variable related to this research is testing. The dependent variables are 1 ) bar and 2 ) early sensing. The mark population is sexually active females aged 13 to 25 old ages old.Hypothesis or Research Question ( s )This survey aims to reply the undermentioned inquiry: Does testing take to bar and early sensing of chlamydia infection among sexually active females aged 13 to 25 old ages old? In relation to this research inquiry, the survey hypothesizes that: RH1: Sexually active females aged 13 to 25 old ages old who are screened are less likely to hold chlamydia infection than females who are non screened. RH2: Sexually active females aged 13 to 25 old ages old who are screened are detected earlier for chlamydia infection than females who are non screened.Definition of FootingsThe undermentioned footings are defined in theoretical and operational footings, as follows: Chlamydia Theoretical Definition: Harmonizing to the CDC ( 2010 ) , chlamydia is defined as a common sexually familial disease ( STD ) caused by chlamydia trachomatis, a bacteria that can damage adult females ‘s generative variety meats. Even though the symptoms of chlamydia are normally mild or absent, serious complications that cause irreversible harm, including sterility, can happen â€Å" mutely † before a adult female recognizes a job. Operational Definition: For the intents of this survey, chlamydia refers to a positive diagnosing made by a doctor through a urine-based PCR showing for chlamydia. Screening Theoretical Definition: Screening is performed to place the presence of the disease or of a hazard factor for a disease, typically among symptomless individuals ( those who do non already manifest symptoms of disease ) . In this manner, a disease or the hazard factors for a disease can be detected early, leting either intervention or bar, including forestalling the farther spread of catching or catching diseases ( Robinson, 2002 ) . Operational Definition: For the intent of this survey, testing involves a wellness history which identifies the hazard factors such as a old history of STD, holding multiple sex spouses, holding sex with new spouse, the usage of non-barrier types of contraceptive method, or holding cervical ectopy. Prevention Theoretical Definition: bar is the maintaining of something ( such as an unwellness or hurt ) from go oning ( Miller-Keane, 1997 ) . Operational Definition: For the intent of this survey, bar is the absence of chlamydia which will be indicated by a negative consequence diagnosed by a doctor through a urine-based PCR proving for chlamydia infection. Sexually active Theoretical Definition: Sexually active agencies engagement or engagement in a sexual act, being involved, and an active participant. Operational Definition: For the intent of this survey, sexually active females will mention to those who arranged a visit for gestation, STD diagnosing, showing, contraceptive method, or intervention.Theoretical ModelThe appropriate model selected for this proposal is Nola Pender ‘s wellness publicity theoretical account ( HPM ) . The HPM, originally developed in the early 1980s, is a model that serves as â€Å" a usher for geographic expedition of the complex biopsychosocial processes that motivate persons to prosecute in wellness behaviours directed toward the sweetening of wellness † ( Pender, 1996, p. 51 ) . The HPM is widely represented in the nursing literature and is the model that underpins over 100 research surveies. Pender ‘s HPM is a valuable tool for the designation of incentives and barriers toward persons ‘ active engagement in activities that promote wellness ( Pender, 1996 ) . Pender proposed in the HPM that there are by and large three countries which influence the acceptance of health-promoting behaviour: â€Å" cognitive, perceptual, modifying factors and cues to actions † ( Pender, 1996, p. 53 ) . Pender focuses on enterprise from the person to endeavor for health and positive wellness and views the benefits of such self-directing behaviours to include verve and even self-actualization. Pender measures an person ‘s â€Å" perceived control of wellness † by his or her ability to command behaviours that are necessary to advance alterations in overall wellness and wellbeing. Pender views wellness publicity as active instead than inactive. The individual must comprehend that he or she wields entire control of his wellness. Hopefully, this perceptual experience will take to a more frequent and consistent application of health-promoting behaviours. The apprehension of wellness advancing behaviours in striplings may non merely be an application of bing cognition related to wellness publicity in grownups ( Srof, 2006 ) . Rather the development of independency and the associated undertakings of adolescent development contribute to alone organic structure of cognition of wellness publicity in teens ( Srof, 2006 ) . Pender ‘s HPM provides a paradigm in an attempt to come up with intercession plans to turn to wellness concerns such as chlamydia infection. Literature has revealed that there are several barriers to prevention attempts initiated by authorities bureaus and not-for-profit organisations to control the spread of Chlamydia infection among younger adult females ( Alexander, 2006 ) . The HPM theoretical account identifies seven perceptual and cognitive factors which could discourage or heighten the likeliness of a individual ‘s acceptance of wellness behaviours. For striplings, these factors could be perceived benefits of action, barriers to action, self-efficacy, and activity-related effects are related to interpersonal influences, such as household, equals, situational influences, options, and demands. As I relate this theoretical account chiefly to striplings and their increased hazard of chlamydia infection, the fact that striplings do non take portion in their ain wellness promotion/disease bar through the usage of rubbers to forestall the spread of STD infections demonstrates the demand to turn to and place each person ‘s perceptual experience of chlamydia infections which could impact his or her quality of life in all developmental phases of life. This survey will stress on modifying factors to include demographics, biological features, interpersonal influences, situational factors, and behavioural factors that could impact a immature adult female ‘s opportunities of prosecuting in behaviours that promote wellness ( Pender, 1996 ) .Significance of StudyThis research proposal seeks to look into the importance of testing as a mechanism to diminish the hazard of chlamydia infections among sexually active females aged 13 to 25. It is of import to screen and educate thi s population about possible hazard factors and preventative steps such as the usage of instruction, supportive resources, rubbers and abstention. Because the disease is chiefly symptomless in females, it is of import for nurses and other health care suppliers to place and follow recommended showing and appraisal of these persons. A job identified in the literature reappraisal is that there is some incompatibility in testing females for STDs due to varies grounds ( Streben, 2004 ) . The CDC ( 2010 ) has recommended showing of all sexually active females ages 13-25 yearly, but it is questionable whether such showing is really taking topographic point. It is besides dubious how many females of this age group routinely see healthcare suppliers unless a job has been identified. This survey would do a difference by pulling a relationship between testing and bar and early sensing of chlamydia in a bad population. In so making, it contributes to the organic structure of literature formed by authorities bureaus, research workers, and non-profit wellness organisations that have initiated plans to cut down the prevalence of chlamydia in immature adult females. Screening will besides depict barriers and hazard factors to infection such as multiple sex spouses, STD history, or deficiency of usage of protective barriers such as rubber usage. In the procedure, this survey will foreground the important function of healthcare suppliers in showing, educating, and observing marks and symptoms of chlamydia infection and the importance of systematically executing sexual wellness history, appraisal, and showings to convey about a lessening in the incidence of this disease.

Recent Trends in Business Communication (Last Five Years) Research Paper

Recent Trends in Business Communication (Last Five Years) - Research Paper Example The major internal functions of business communication are information to management, information to employees, and improvement in morale. The major external functions of business communication are to make relations with the suppliers, sales of goods and services, report to owner-shareholder, report to government, and to create goodwill for the business (Kushal, 2010). Technology is shaping the mode and means of business communication around the world. Offices are adopting new methods of communication that are paperless and the distance between businesses is getting smaller with each new day. Communication in the past was characterized by writing business letters and sending memos. With the advancement in technology, business workforce interacts through teleconferencing, emails and videoconferencing (Kaur, 2010). Technology is advancing at a very fast rate and it is already changing the business communication trends. Innovations happening are geared towards dealing with the complexities of the business communications in the global economy (Scudder, 2010). Among the newest innovations in business communication is the use of electronic tools. Devices and software programs are being developed and at the same time entering the market at a significant rate. However, a lot of capital investment is required to acquire these technologies and assist the workers master them. Productivity is increased by tools such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), wikis and teleconferences. These tools also improve the way the business communicates with the customers. Use of these electronic tools may be cumbersome for the business professionals, thus, their effective use requires training, time and capital (Business-Telephone-System.org, 2010). In business communication, there are recent technological advancements that have shaped the way businesses communicate around the world. The most dominant form is the use of email and more recently the use of teleconferencing and

Japan and China are clearly rivals for leadership in East Asia, Asia Essay

Japan and China are clearly rivals for leadership in East Asia, Asia and beyond. Briefly trace the relationship between the two - Essay Example The rivalry between these countries started since World War II and continues till today. The prime reason for this being one of the said nations always remained superior to the other.Before the 19th century china was the super power and with the restoration of Meji constitution Japan started gaining importance. However, China fought Japan by seeking economic assistance from Germany before World War II, but during World War II Japanese did many atrocities to Chinese population which strengthens the rivalry between the two. Internal and external politics of both countries The China being a republic nation possess its national military force known as People’s Liberation army which controls its sea, air and land territories in a unified manner.PLA was founded in 1927, and has more than 3 million members and is counted as the world’s powerful military force. Moreover, the Chinese republic is currently growing as the biggest manufacturer and exporter of goods and services in the current international market. The rapid growth of China in economical and social field has stunned the devolved as well as developing nations. The internal political scenario of China is very brittle and is struggling to survive the provocation of war as a communist regime. Evnthough, the economical status of the country is booming the republic is facing extreme provocation and threat to consider war with its competitor countries. About a decade ago the country called Japan was economically growing at such a rate that it out rated the growth of U.S.A and other advanced industrially civilized nations. However, its economic growth was also creating resentment abroad and this was resulting in economic disputes and demands to stop it’s free trade system. The country instead of focusing on military resources, concentrated highly on economic activates and grew largely as the world’s strong economic nation with living standards better than America. Unfortunately, currentl y Japan is suffering of recession and depicts a stagnant growth. As per,(Branigan,T,2010)â€Å"The most significant issue in recent domestic politics is the public’s growing dissatisfaction with LDP rule. The ruling LDP-Komeito coalition will probably remain in the minority in the Upper House at least through the next election in 2010†.Mean while the military system of the country is strong and is called the Japanese Self Defense Force and was formed after the occurrence of World War II. Relationship and power of both the countries The political and socio-economical scenario of both China and Japan has always been highly frictional. On many grounds, these countries constantly raised conflict and the relationship status of both the countries is at a very compromising and vulnerable state. The economical activities between the countries are at threat and Chinese government is accusing Japan of destroying the bilateral relationship among both countries. There is also wide spread notion that super power America also provoking these two countries to initialize a war. (Tadahi,Y.2008)writes that â€Å"The countries are locked in an increasingly tense row over Japan's detention of a Chinese captain after his trawler collided with a coastguard vessel near disputed islands. China's premier Wen Jiabao this week threatened further retaliation if the man was not release†